Terms

Layers of sedimentary rock distinguished by composition, grain size or depositional features.

Mineral deposit confined to a particular stratigraphic layer, but not necessarily formed at the same time as the host rock.

Mineral deposit that is strictly conformable with bedding, formed during deposition of host rocks.

Ratio of waste removed to ore mined in open pits. Key indicator of cost and economic viability.

Surface mining method involving sequential removal of overburden and extraction of strip-like ore zones.

Study of deformation features such as folds, faults and fractures. Critical for understanding mineral controls.

Geostatistical function expressing how grade variability changes with distance. Fundamental to kriging and resource modelling.

Speed at which particles settle in a fluid. Key parameter in thickeners, clarifiers and tailings deposition.

The surface entrance and structural lining at the top of a mine shaft.

The process of excavating a vertical shaft from surface to underground levels. Involves drilling, blasting, lining installation and ground support.

A ductile or brittle-ductile deformation zone where rocks slide past each other. Often a major control on mineralisation.

Mechanised cutting of coal or soft rock using a shearer, typical in longwall mining.